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24.11.2020
Тема: Agricultural economics
Task1.Read, translate the words and remember new words
ownership [' ounqSIp] власність, право власності
corporate ownership акціонерна власність
benefit ['benIfIt] advantage прибуток, вигода ; перевага
to benefit from smth знаходити вигоду в чомусь
proprietorship [prq'praIqtqSIp] право власності
sole proprietorship власність, що належить одному власнику
partnership [ 'pRtnqSIp] партнерство
failure ['feIljq] невдача, провал, банкротство
fail [feIl] виявитись не здібним до певної справи
activity [xk'tIvItI] діяльність
prohibit [prq'hIbIt ] забороняти
to prohibit by law забороняти законом
drawback ['drO:bxk] перешкода
undesirable ["AndI'zaIqrqbl] небажаний
personal [ 'pWsqnql] персональний
hire [' hQIq] наймати на роботу
Forms of Business Ownership
Business is a commercial enterprise performing all those functions that govern the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller.
Since the beginning of the era of economic progress old ways of running business have been modified, and new forms of business organization have been introduced. This has enabled various branches of industry to adapt to changing conditions and to function more easily, efficiently and profitably, sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation being the main three forms of business ownership.
A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person, in which all the profits belong to the owner, the latter being fully responsible for the success and the failure of the business. Unless an activity is specifically prohibited by law, no field of business is closed to an owner. Although advantages for the small business exist in this form, certain drawbacks make it undesirable for larger concerns. In the first place, the single owner is seldom able to invest as much capital as can be obtained by a partnership or a corporation.
If single owners are able to invest large amounts of capital, they ran great risk of losing it all because they are personally liable for all the debts of their businesses. It is due to unlimited liability that all the personal assets of the owner, including his home and car, can be sold to settle the debts of the business. Unless the owner has much personal wealth, the business may have difficulty borrowing money in critical times. A sole proprietorship may also have difficulty hiring and keeping good employees, because the business will dissolve when
the owner retires or dies.
A partnership is an association of two or more persons who have agreed to c ombine their financial assets, labour, property, and other resources as well as their abilities and who carry on a business jointly for the purpose of profit. The agreement the partners usually sign to form an association is known as a partnership contract and may include general policies, distribution of profits, responsibilities.
Like the sole proprietorship, the partnership is easy to establish, and its profits are not subjected to federal corporation taxes. Financing is generally easier to obtain because the personal assets of the group are usually larger and the chances of success are higher. The major disadvantage of the partnership is unlimited liability of each partner for the debts of the business, that is complete
financial responsibility for losses. Furthermore, partners who wish to retire may find it difficult to recover their investments without dissolving the partnership and ending the business.
A business corporation is an organization created by law that allows people to associate together for the purpose of making profit. Corporations are also known as joint-stock companies because they are jointly owned by different persons who receive shares of stock in exchange for an investment of money in the company. Shares represent fractions of the company' s assets such as cash, equipment, real estate, manufactured goods, etc. Though the corporation is more difficult and expensive to organize than other business forms, it has a number of advantages.
First, investors can limit their personal liability to the amount of money they have invested, thus, if the corporation goes bankrupt, they can lose no more than they have put in.
Task2. Find the synonyms and Ukrainian equivalents in the text
advantage; disadvantage; in order to have profit; to employ smb; to be fully responsible for smth; to forbid smb smth; to get (dividends) (2); to take chances; smb' s property; a consumer; to carry out functions; to operate a business; to end the business; to let smb do smth (2); to be pensioned off; to spread profits; full financial liability (2); to get back investments; a corporate performance; to set up a partnership (2); to own smth together; to pay debts: produced commodities; to restrict liability; to involve large amounts of capital; the main business form; to pay taxes twice; something unwanted; to provide reports
Task3. Find Ukrainian words for English equivalents
1. Being the oldest form of business, (особова форма власності) is the main form of (власності) in farming, building, repairing work and (особистих послугах) such as hairdressing, selling retail estate, etc. (власник) provides complete control over the business, its loans, capital and policies.
2. The lawyers of the corporation are supposed (особисто відповідальний за діяльність) of the corporation. They may be (заборонено) to practice law if they ( не зможуть) to represent their clients properly.
Task4. Answer the questions
1. What are the main reasons of developing different forms of business ownership?
2. What is a sole proprietorship?
3. Are there any limitations as to the field of activity of a proprietor?
4. What are the main disadvantages of a sole proprietorship?
Why do you think this form of business is very risky?
5. What items are usually included in a partnership contract?
6. What are the similarities and differences between a sole
proprietorship and a partnership?
7. What is a business corporation and who are stockholders?
8. What is considered to be the major advantage of the corporation?
9. What does double taxation of profits mean?
10.How can large amounts of money attracted by a corporation be used?
17.11.2020
Тема: Summimg-up on the topic Mechanisation
Task1. Match the verbs on the right with each noun on the left in order to make a job that you are likely to find on a farm.
The horses plow, harvest, chop, feed, pick, water
The soil
The wood
The crops
The corn
The grapes
The chickens
The vegetables
The field
Task2. Match the English names of garden tools and agricultural implements to their Ukrainian equivalents.
1) spade a) сапа, мотика
2) rake в) серп
3) ridging hoe c) розпилювач
4) gardener' s knife d) поливалка
5) sickle e) газонокосарка
6) garden hose f)пилка для обрізання гілок
7) sprayer g) тризубі вила
8) lawn mower h) коса
9) Saw for cutting branches i) молоток
10) three-pronged fork j) садовий ніж
11) scythe k) граблі
12) hammer l) лопата
13) watering can m) садовий шланг
Task3. Translate the sentences using the different forms of the verb "to have":
1. A modern plough has up to six mould boards.
2. When the piston has reached the bottom of its stroke the inlet valve closes.
3. Both conventional and reversible ploughs have been produced by
our plant.
4. The driver has to attach the plough correctly,
5. The pneumatic tyres have become so efficient and so popular that they are the standard part of all wheeled tractors.
6. Modern tractors usually have a four-stroke engine.
7. We have to set all mould boards at the same angle.
10.11.2020
Тема: Combine harvesters
Vocabulary
a combine harvester комбайн
to thresh молотити
a cutter bar фреза
a reel котушка
an auger шнек
front beater передній барабан
a concave западина
a straw walker соломотряс
a sieve сито
1.
Task 1. Read and translate the text
Combines are used
for various crops. Combines harvest the crops. Combines used to harvest the
crops are called combine harvesters.
The combine
harvester cuts and threshes the crop. It cuts, threshes
and separates the crop. The combine harvester separates the grain. It separates the grain from the straw and
chaff.
The mechanism of a
combine harvester is divided into three sections. The cutting mechanism consists
of some parts. To cut the crop a cutter bar is used. There are dividers at the
cutter bar. The dividers separate the crop to be left. There is a reel at the cutter bar. The reel directs the crop to
the cutter bar platform. The crop is directed to the centre of the platform by an auger.
The main elevator
lifts the crop to the front beater. The front beater
increases the delivery of the crop. To reduce its speed is the function of the
rear beater. The drum is one of the main parts of the threshing mechanism. The
crop is threshed between the drum and the concave.
The concave consists of bars. There are spaces between the bars. The threshed
grain falls through the spaces. It falls on the grain pan located under the
concave.
The grain is
separated from the straw by the straw walkers. The
grain is separated from the chaff by the sieves. The
sieves and the fan are the parts of the separating unit. To separate the chaff
is a task of this unit. The fan provides a flow of air. This flow of air keeps the
sieves clean.
The harvested grain
is directed to the grain tank. Grain tank capacities vary. After the grain
becomes clean it is directed to a grain tank. From the grain tank the grain is delivered
to a trailer.
To cut the crop a
reciprocating type cutter bar is used. There is a divider at each side of the
cutter bar. It separates the crop to be cut from that which will be left for
the next round. The crop is cut while held against the cutter bar by the reel. After the crop is
cut, the reel directs it to the cutter bar platform. The reel is one of the
main parts of a combine.
It has tines which
can be angled 4 to provide better cutting of the crops. A large auger moves the
crop to the centre of the platform. By means of tines the auger directs the
crop to the main elevator which lifts the crop to the threshing mechanism.
The threshing
mechanism consists of a front beater, a heavy rotating drum, a concave, and a rear
beater. The. main elevators used to lift the crop to the front beater. It delivers
the crop to the drum and concave. The front beater increases the speed of the
crop as it moves to the drum. Some combines do not have a front beater. In these
combines the work of the front beater can be done by the main elevator.
Threshing takes
place between the drum and concave. There are spaces between the concave bars,
so the threshed grain is sallower to fall through on to the grain pan. To
reduce the speed of the crop as it leaves the cylinder is the task of the rear
beater. The rear beater is the part of the threshing mechanism which both reduces
the speed of the crop and directs it to the separating mechanism. To separate
the grain from the straw is the main function of this mechanism. The separating
mechanism consists of two parts: the straw walkers and the grain sieves. The
grain in separated from the straw by the rising and falling actions of the
straw walkers. They are driven by two crankshafts. The grain separated from the
straw moves through the straw walkers and is directed to the grain pan under
the concave.
The separating
unit is used to sort the grain and chaff on the grain pan. This unit consists
of two sieves and a fan. The vibrating action of the sieves separates the
threshed grain. The fan provides a flow of air to keep sieves clean.
2. Task 2. Answer the questions. (Письмово)
1. What machines
are used to harvest various crops?
2. What operations
does the combine harvester do?
3. In what
sections can the mechanism of a combine harvester be divided?
4. What are these sections doing?
5. What type of a cutter bar is used to cut
the crop?
6. What is there
at each side of the cutter bar?
7. What does the threshing mechanism consist of?
8. What is used to
lift the crop to the front beater?
9. Where does threshing
take place?
10. What is the
task of the rear beater?
11. What does the
separating mechanism consist of?
12. What is the main function of this
mechanism?
13. What is used
to sort the grain and chaff on the grain pan?
14. What does the separating unit consist of?
15. What does the fan provide?
16. Where is the harvested
grain directed?
17. What is used
to deliver the threshed grain from the grain tank into a trailer?
Task 3. Match tha words in
column A with the appropriate words in column B:
A. mechanism B.
front
drum combine
grain tank
bar rotating
beater threshing
harvester threshed
capacity; concave
03.11.2020
Тема: Harrows
Vocabulary
a harrow борона
a destruction знищення
weeds бур’яни
rigid tines жорсткі зубці
to consolidate ущільнювати
bearing підшипник
an angle кут
1.
Read and translate the text
Harrows are used for various purposes such as the
preparation of seedbeds, the covering of seeds, the destruction of weeds and the
aeration of soil. Many types and sizes are in use today. The most common type
is that with a zigzag frame and rigid tines.
Seed harrows are light implements with closely fitted
tines, about 4 in (100 mm) long. They are used for the final preparation of
seedbeds and for covering seeds after the drill2. They are mounted on small
tractors.
Medium tractor harrows have various functions: the preparation
of seedbeds, mixing of fertilizers3 with soil and spring
cultivation of autumn sown corn. The wider the implement, the more important
it is to have good arrangements for transport. Mounted implements up to 8 m
wide may be used with tractors of 40–50 kw. Heavier and wider harrows for use
with tractors of about 75 km may be semi-mounted. One type provides for lifting
of the harrow sections to a wheeled frame, the wings of which can be manually
rolled 5 behind the centre sections.
Disc harrows cut and consolidate the soil. Two or more
sets of discs are fitted on a frame which may be mounted or semi mounted. Some
heavy discs are trailed and have hydraulically operated transport wheels. Disc
diameter varies from 30 to 75 cm. Discs are supported by bearings. Disc harrows
working widths vary from 1.5 to 6 m.
Adjustments of disc angle. A hand-operated lever on
the harrow is used to vary the cutting angle of the discs. Discs being fitted at
the widest angle, the soil movement will be the greatest. When discs are set
straight6, they will not move the soil very much and have a consolidating
effect.
2. Translate the following words and
word-combination:
a) плуг,
обертовий плуг, грунт, борозна, рама, прикріпляти,
зубець, меліорація, корпус плуга, леміш, глибокий, глибина, широкий, ширина, полиця
(у плузі), коренеплоди;
b) the number of mould boards; semi-mounted and trailed models; in place
of the mould boards; the soil slice; both righthanded and reversible types;
disc coulter; used for deep ploughing; digger bodies.
3. Answer the questions.
1. What are the harrows used for?
2. What is the most common type of a harrow?
3. What do we use seed harrows for?
4. What are the functions of medium tractor harrows?
5. What is the purpose for using disc harrows?
27.10.2020
Тема: Ploughs
Vocabulary
a plough плуг
an implement знаряддя
a seedbed грунт для посіву
mould-boards полиця плугу
semi-mounted напівнавісний
reversible оборотний
to rotate обертати
a coulter різак, сошник
1.
Read and translate
the text
There are various forms of the plough.
The plough is an implement used for soil
cultivation. It has become the implement used for soil preparation. The plough has
been used for many centuries. It has been used for preparation of seedbeds.
A plough is an implement with one or more
mould-boards. Mould boards cut the soil. Mould boards cut and turn the soil.
They cut soil slices. They cut furrow slices.
Both mounted and semi-mounted types of ploughs are
being produced. A semi-mounted plough is not lifted off the ground. The number of mould boards is not the same on different
ploughs. It depends on the type of soil and the tractor size.
There are three types of ploughs, conventional plough
being one of them. Some trailed models of conventional ploughs are in common
use. Most reversible ploughs are mounted, but some of the larger models are
semi-mounted.
Disc ploughs have large rotating discs. The plough may
have a disc coulter. The plough has a body. It also
has legs. The plough body is attached to legs. Legs are bolted to the frame.
The base of a plough body is called the frog. The share cuts the bottom of the furrow
slice.
There are many types of mould boards, each producing
its special surface.
There are three main types of a plough. The main types
of plough body are general-purpose type and digger type. The digger type is
used for deep ploughing. It is used in soil preparation for root crops. Digger
bodies have a higher power requirement than the general-purpose type.
The plough has been used in its different forms for
many centuries. It has become the main implement used for the preparation of
seedbeds.
A plough is an implement with one or more mould-boards
which cut and turn the soil. Modern ploughs are commonly fully mounted on the
tractor hydraulic system. Some are semi-mounted with the front supported by the
tractor hydraulic linkage and the rear by one or more wheels.
2.
Define the
suffixes:
a)
adjustable, movable, usable, comfortable, replaceable, measurable, attachable;
b) reversible,
possible, flexible, visible, compressible.
3. Answer the questions.
1. What is plough?
2. What are the mould boards
used for?
3. What is the reason for using
different mould boards?
4. Describe the structure of
the plough.
15. 10. 2020
Тема: Tractors
1.
Read and translate
the text.
The tractor can pull machines.
It can drive machines by means of a belt. The tractor supplies power to
machines from the power-takeoff shaft.
The power is measured. It is
measured by kilowatts or horse powers.
Tractors are classified
according to the power. Tractors are classified according to the power
produced. Crawlers are used for heavy operations. Crawlers or track laying
tractors must be used for heavy operations. Large crawlers must be used for
heavy operations.
Crawlers have tracks. Tracks
have a grip. Tracks have the grip on the ground. Tracks increase the grip of
the tractor on the ground. The crawlers are able to push or pull heavy loads
and machines. The tractors may have tires. The tires can be placed farther apart.
The tires can be placed closer or farther apart according to the distance
between the rows. We are able to place tires closer or farther apart according
to the distance between the rows that must be cultivated. Wheeled tractors may have
implements and machines on them. Implements are mounted on the tractor. This is
done by the three-point linkage. There are tractors with diesel or gasoline
engines. The diesel engine will use less fuel than the gasoline engine for the
same work done. The fuel should be clean. The oil must be changed regularly. It
is necessary to change the oil regularly. It is necessary to change the oil
regularly because it provides tractor' s useful work.
1.
Answer the
questions.
1. How are tractors classified?
2. What can crawlers do?
3. What engines are used for tractors?
4. What are the main demands for the tractor fuel?
1.
Fill in the gaps
with proper words and word-combinations:
1.
The tractor can supply power to the machines from the ... (power-take-off
shaft, belt pulley, three-point linkage).
2. The tyres can be placed closer or farther apart...
(according to, by means of) distance between the rows.
3. The crawlers are usually ... (small, large,
various).
4. The tractor can ... (increase, pull, do) machines.
5. The crawlers are able to ... (produce, push, drive)
heavy loads.
6. Implements are mounted on the tractor by means of
... (a belt pulley, tyres, three-point linkage).
7. The fuel should be ... (heavy, clean) and have no
water.
24. 04. 2020
Feeding dairy cows
Vocabulary
rations раціон
to consider враховувати, вважати
carbohydrates вуглеводи
sufficient достатній
cattleman скотар
thus таким чином
Read and translate the
text.
In preparing rations for milking cows many factors
should be considered. Rations are to provide carbohydrates in a readily
available form, have proper amount of good quality protein, provide sufficient
fat and mineral substances and contain the necessary vitamins. To obtain much
milk is the aim of every cattleman. That’s why the farmers are to supply their
cows with nutritious feeds.
Cows being on good pastures in summer, little or no
additional feed is required. If pastures are of low quality, additional roughages
and some grain should be fed to most cows.
During winter legume hay is known to be good roughages
for dairy cows. Many dairy farmers provide corn silage or grass silage in
addition to hay. High yielding cows need some concentrated feeds to produce
much milk. One can include high protein feed in the grain mixture for such
cows. Roughages of low quality being fed, the proportion of high protein feed
should be increased.
A dairy cow is known to require much water, for milk
is about 87 per cent water. Three to four gallons are required for each gallon
of milk produced by a cow.
Thus, cows being fed properly, all the necessary
nutrients will be provided: carbohydrates and fats from grains, proteins from
legume hay or protein supplements, minerals from good pasture, and vitamins
from a good mixture of feeds.
Answer the questions.
1.
What nutrients should rations provide?
2.
What is the aim of every cattleman?
3.
Do farmers provide additional feed for cows in winter?
4.
Why is water so important for dairy cows?
5.
What is the best feed for cows in winter?
6.
What are the sources of carbohydrates, protein and minerals?
3. Translate the words and word – combinations.
Грубий
корм, білкова добавка, соковитий корм, раціон, непереварювана клітковина,
продуктивність, надій молока, потомство, помет, додавати у вазі, свиноматка,
вівцематка, виробник.
TEST WORK
1.
Make up
questions to the following sentences.
1. Milk is rich in
various useful components.
- What……………………………………………….?
2. Calcium is very
important for the growth of people`s skeleton.
-
What………………………………………………?
3. Farmers should
feed their cows properly.
-
Who……………………………………………….?
4. Each farmer
wants to obtain high-quality milk.
- What kind…………………………………………
2. Dictation. Sound and spelling
“g”
design, luggage, giant, Gillian, garden, pig,
gun, bright, orange, judge, age, page, fog, change, again, ugly, light, large,
fridge, George, Gary, bridge, goal, agent, foreign, egg, general, goat, game,
bridegroom, huge, eight, garlic, dangerous, wing
|
Silent “g”
|
/g/
|
/dʒ/
|
|
design
|
luggage
|
giant
|
3.
Read and translate the text
Dairy farming is one of the most
important branches of animal husbandry. One reason for the importance of
dairying is high nutritive value of milk and dairy products.
Milk is one of the best sources of
calcium, the mineral which is highly important for the growth of skeleton of
people and animals. High-quality milk also contains a large amount of
phosphorus and iron. Milk is also a good source of vitamins A, D and B1.
Different dairy products are obtained by man from milk.
To have high-quality milk farmers should not only feed their
cows properly both in spring and in winter but they should care for the milk
properly. Two factors should be controlled when keeping milk: 1) milk should be
kept clean 2) it should be kept cool.
4. Idioms
with the words “cow” and “bull”. Match with the definitions
1. 1. To have a cow
2. 2. To take the bull by the horns
3. 3. Until the cows come home
4. 4. Holy cow
5. 5. A cash cow
6. 6. Like a bull at the gate
1. a)To express surprise
2. b) To be incredibly impatient
3. c)To become angry
4. d) For a long time
5. e)The source of income or profit
6. f)To face the difficulty without
avoiding it
17.04.2020
Read and translate the text.
Feeds
are classified into three groups, depending on their fiber content and
nutritive value. They are roughages, concentrates and protein supplements.
The primary characteristic of roughages is its high
fiber content. Roughages may contain from 25 to 40 per cent fiber. For this
reason they are not suitable for hogs but one can give large quantities of roughages
to cattle and sheep.
Roughages may be classified according to the method
they are fed. They may be succulent or dry. Succulent roughages include silage
or pasture grasses, the latter being the most economical source of forage.
The most common forms of dry roughages are hay and
straw. Good hay is the one that contains much green leaf. Hay being made from
grass in the early flowering stage, its feeding value is higher than that from
mature grass.
Oat straw is known to be a valuable feed for beef
cattle and dairy cows. Barley straw is sometimes fed to beef animals. It is
more digestible than wheat straw. The latter is high indigestible fiber. That’s
why it is used for bedding.
Grammar patterns
1.
Find in the text verbs used in Passive Voice and write
them down in your copybooks.
Example: are
classified,…..
Match the words
with their definitions.
1. Protein a) dry cut grass
2. Hog b) an
organic compound important for every organism
3.
Succulent c) a blanket for
livestock
4. Hay d) smth that
is juicy
5. Include e) a male of pigs
6. Classified f) divided into
separate groups
7.
Bedding h) to be a part of
a group
Rewrite the following sentences using Passive Voice
1.
They
classify seeds into 3 groups.
2.
People give large quantities of roughages to cattle
and sheep.
3.
Farmers make hay from grass in the early flowering
stage.
4.
Roughages include a high level of protein.
5.
Farmers usually use wheat straw for livestock`s
bedding.
10.04.2020
Name the English equivalents of the words below.
Тваринництво, розводити, порода, утримувати, трава, поживний, молочна худоба, м’ясна худоба, м'ясо-молочна худоба, свині, вівці, м'ясо, молоко, фураж, пасовище, сіно, силос, солома, корова, бик, телятко, ягня, порося, корівник, свинарник, доїти, мати моціон, догляд, утримання.
Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
1. High beef and milk production is obtained by proper care and management as well as by proper feeding and fattening of cattle.
2. When cattle are kept in cowsheds they are fed with corn, silage, grass silage and high quality hay.
3. Dairy cows are milked with special machines.
4. There is always much work to do on the farm.
5. The farmer has to take great care of the young animals.
6. Cowsheds, sheep-pens and pigsties are to be kept clean and well ventilated.
7. Cows, bulls and calves should be provided with clean straw for bedding.
8. Animals are to take much exercise to be in good breeding condition.
System of bull management
Read and translate the text in written form.
The best way of keeping the bull is to have a small separate barn with pasture of one or two acres where he can take exercise. Manger and water supply are to be provided in the barn.
The bull may also be kept in a box-stall in the barn used or the cows. When the bull is kept in this way, the farmer can feed and care for him together with the cows.
Under both systems of management the bull should be fed and cared for properly. To provide the bull with legume hay and some grain is necessary in order to keep him in good breeding condition. Silage should not be given to the bull in large amounts.
Feeds for livestock
Vocabulary
Learn new words. Make sentences with them.
feeds корми
fiber клітковина
nutritive поживний
roughages грубий корм
concentrates концентрати
supplements домішки
quantity кількість
succulent соковитий
digestible засвоюваний
17.03.2020
Тема: Фермерство
Put questions using the question words in brackets:
1) The last
representative of the wild cattle died at the beginning of the century. (When).
2) Domesticated
cattle belong to the family of Bovid. (What family).
3) Man domesticated
the horse in Central Asia. (Where).
4) Draft animals
practically disappeared. (Why).
5) Man domesticated
animals for three main purposes. (How many).
6) Man uses cattle
mostly for food now.(What … for).
7) Man gained great
experience in improving farm animals.(What experience)
Translate into
English:
1)
Більшість типів ферм виробляють їжу.
2)
Молочні ферми отримують молоко, масло, сир від корів, що пасуться на
пасовиськах.
3)
Молочні ферми зазвичай розташовані недалеко від великих міст, щоб молоко
вчасно потрапляло на кухні до людей.
4)
Розвиток сільського господарства залежить від цілеспрямованості молодих
спеціалістів.
Modern farm
Vocabulary
intimate близько, тісно
to insulate захищати,
ізолювати
to homogenize гомонізувати
cleanliness чистота
weed killers бур’ян
transponder ретранслятор
1. Read and translate the text
Dwaine
is a businessman. The name of his business is Wilson creek Farm. He has
forty-five dairy cows. Dwaine knows each of his cows intimately – how much milk
she gives, when she is going to have her next calf, and whether she is bossy or
obedient.
Dwaine manages his herd to get the most
milk he can while keeping his cows healthy. He has many farming consultants to
give him advice.
Dwaine milks his forty-five cows twice
a day with an electric milkier. The milk never touches the air in the barn. It
is drawn through glass pipes into a large refrigerated tank in the milk house.
Every other day, a tractor trailer comes to pick up the milk and take it to the
Livestock processing plant. It carries the milk in a large tank insulated like
a
thermos
so the milk stays cold.
At the processing plant, the milk is
pasteurized, homogenized and packaged, then sent on its way to you.
Each of Dwaine’s cows gives about fifty
to sixty pounds of milk a day. Dwaine needs to know when a cow will give birth,
because that affects milk production. A cow produces the most milk about four
months after giving birth. Then she produces less and less until the milk stops
six weeks or so before her next calf is born. A cow can live to be ten years
old and may have seven or eight calves in her lifetime.
Cleanliness is important to Dwaine. An
inspector makes surprise visiting to the farm to see if the barn and milk house
are really clean. He leaves Dwaine’s ―report card: to tell him what looks good
and what should be improved. Dwaine was very happy with the 94 percent he got
on a recent inspection.
Besides sanitary surroundings, it takes
good, clean feed to make good, clean milk. Dwaine raises corn and alfalfa hay
for his herd to eat. A crop consultant helps Dwaine to reduce his use of artificial
fertilizer and insect and weed killers.
But clean, healthful crops won't do
Dwaine's cows much good if they don't eat them in the proper amounts. Cows that
give lots of milk need additional high-protein grain, such as corn or soybean meal.
A nutritionist tests the cows' feed to
be sure it contains the right nutrients. If it doesn't, more vitamins and
minerals are added. A computer helps Dwaine feed his heard. Each of his cows
wears an electronic device called a transponder on a chain around her neck.
Dwaine programs into the computer how many pounds of grain each cow needs. Once
a day the computer gives Dwaine a printout that tells him how much feed each
cow ate. This is important to know, because if a cow is getting sick, she
doesn't eat much. Then Dwaine makes sure she gets the treatment she needs.
A cow's health is watched more closely
than the health of most people. The veterinarian visits Wilson creek Farm
monthly to check the herd.
Even with all the help from consultants
and modern equipment, some things on the farm never change. Dwaine still gets up
at 5:30 in the morning, 365 days a year, to care for his cows.
1.
Answer the
questions
1. How
many cows are there in his herd?
2. How often
does Dwaine milk his cows?
3. What does
Dwaine feed his cows with? Who helps him?
4. What does he
use a computer for?
5. How often
does the veterinarian visit Dwaine’s cows?
3. Translate
into English:
Молочні корови, норовиста чи
покірна, доїти двічі на день, охолоджена цистерна, щоб молоко залишалось
холодним, коли корова отелиться, впливати на виробництво молока, раптовий
візит, що слід покращити, вирощувати кукурудзу та люцерну, скоротити
використання штучних добрив, пестициди та
гербіциди, необхідні поживні
речовини, додаткове зерно з високим вмістом білка, ланцюг навколо шиї, сучасне
обладнання.
Use one of the
following collective nouns from the word box to express the same:
a school, a flock, a herd, a pack, a swarm
|
1. A number of
cows or bulls is a ….
2. A number of
sheep is a ….
3. A number of
flies or other insects is a ….
4. A group of
elephants is a ….
5. A number of
dogs or wolves is a ….
6. A group of
fish is a ….
################################################################################
5. Would
you like to know how to call other animals and birds when they are together?
Then match each animal with its collective noun:
1)
An army of a)
crows
2) A charm of b)
geese
3) A colony c)
caterpillars
4) An exaltation of d)
owls
5) A gaggle of e)
finches
6) A mob of f)
peacocks
7) A murder of g)
whales
8) An ostentation of h)
kangaroos
9) A parliament of i)
penguins
10) A pod of j)
larks
27.03.2020
Farm animals
Vocabulary
animal husbandry тваринництво
breeding вирощування
nutritious поживний
in addition на додачу
skin шкіра
down and feather пір’я та пух
poultry домашня птиця
wool вовна
raw materials сировина
purpose ціль, мета
cattle худоба
dairy молочний
beef м’ясний
draft тягловий
duel-purpose м'ясо-молочний
sheep вівця, вівці
hog кабан (свиня)
rapid швидкий
to solve вирішувати
1.
Read
and translate the text
Animal
husbandry, a branch of agricultural production, includes the breeding of farm
animals and their use. Farm animals are highly important source of food for
man. They are known to produce highly nutritious products such as milk, meat
and eggs. In addition, the skin of animals, down and feather of poultry and
wool of sheep are used as raw materials to produce clothing and for many other
purposes.
The
most important group of farm animals is cattle. There are 4 types of cattle.
They are dairy cattle, beef cattle, draft cattle and duel-purpose cattle. Dairy
cattle, that is, dairy cows provide milk that may be used in making various
dairy products. Beef cattle are the producer of beef. One can raise
duel-purpose cattle producing both milk and meat. Draft cattle and horses are
almost everywhere replaced by agricultural machinery.
Important
source in producing human food are sheep and hogs. Sheep are raised for 2
purposes: wool and mutton production. The production circle of hogs is much
shorter than that of cattle or sheep. In other words unlike the other farm
animals hogs are rapid growing ones. They may be fattened in less than 6
months. That is why hog breeding is one of the most important and economic ways
of solving the problem of supplying the population with meat.
1.
Answer the questions
1. What is animal husbandry?
2. Why are farm animals so important for man?
3. What raw
materials do farm animals supply industry with?
4. What is the most important group of farm animals?
5. What are the 4 types of cattle?
6. What are sheep raised for?
7. Why is the hog breeding the most economic way of
producing meat?
Check your skills (пройдіть тест)
03.04.2020
1. Change
the words in brackets into their English equivalents.
1.
Milk
produced by this (корова) is of high quality. 2. Farm breeding sheep produce (баранина) and (вовна). 3. Both milk and meat are produced by (м'ясо-молочні
корови). 4. Poultry supply us with meat, eggs, (пір’я) and (пух). 5. About 6 months is usually required to (відгодовувати) a pig.
Learn new words.
Care
and management of farm animals
Vocabulary
to take care of піклуватися про
livestock худоба
barn сарай
unfavorable несприятливий
lamb ягня
calf телятко
proper належний
cowshed корівник
sheep- pen вівчарня
pigsty свинарник
humidity вологість
responsive чутливий
profit користь,
вигода
bedding підстилка
straw солома
pasture пасовище
Read and
translate
the text.
A lot of work has to be done
by a farmer in caring for his livestock and their products. Barns and other
buildings are to be provided in order to protect the animals from unfavorable
weather conditions. Young animals – lambs, calves and pigs are known to require
special care and protection. During the first days after birth animals are weak
and may die if proper care is not provided.
At present separate buildings are usually provided for each
kind of livestock such as cattle, hogs, sheep, and poultry. Cowsheds, sheep-
pens, pigsties and poultry houses should be comfortable for livestock and
workers who take care of the animals. Much attention is now paid to lightning,
ventilation, temperature, and humidity in animal buildings. Very often farmers
keep bulls in separate barns.
Probably no farm animal is more responsive to good care than
is the dairy cow. Regularity in feeding and milking and kindness result in more
milk and greater profits. Dairy cows are to be provided with plenty of bedding,
such as clean dry straw in the barns where they are kept. When not on pasture
cows should take exercise to be in good breeding condition.
Answer the
questions.
1. Should farmers
care for animal products?
2. Why are animals
kept in buildings?
3. Why do farmers
provide special care for young animals?
4. What farm
buildings do you know?
5. What conditions
are provided in animal buildings?
6. When should cows
take much exercise?
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